Ann HALL

Ann HALL - Chronology

Overview
Chronology
Parents
Family
Pedigree
Descendants
Events
Attributes
Gallery
Notes

Date	Kind	Origin	Details
20 Jul 1801	Birthⁱ	Spouse Event [Spouse]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
22 Jul 1801	Christening^{i, 1}	Spouse Event [Spouse]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
24 Dec 1827	Marriage^{ii, iii, 2}	Family Event As Spouse [Family]	Place	Flintham, Nottinghamshire
Sep 1828	Daughter^{iv, 3}	Mother [Family]	Elizabeth GILBERT b. Sep 1828
Sep 1828	Birth^v	Child Event As Mother [Elizabeth GILBERT]	Place	Flintham, Nottinghamshire
16 Sep 1828	Christening^{v, vi, 4}	Child Event As Mother [Elizabeth GILBERT]	Place	Flintham, Nottinghamshire
16 Sep 1828	Christening^{v, vi, 4}	Child Event As Mother [Elizabeth GILBERT]	Address	St Augustine of Canterbury Church
1830	Other Event^vii	Spouse Event [Spouse]	Labourer
			Type	Profession
			Place	Flintham, Nottinghamshire
1830	Birth^{v, viii, ix, x, xi, xii, xiii}	Child Event As Mother [Jane GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
1830	Daughter^{iv, 5}	Mother [Family]	Jane GILBERT b. 1830 d. 18 Oct 1898
22 Aug 1830	Christening^{vii, xiv, 6}	Child Event As Mother [Jane GILBERT]	Place	Flintham, Nottinghamshire
22 Aug 1830	Christening^{vii, xiv, 6}	Child Event As Mother [Jane GILBERT]	Address	St Augustine of Canterbury Church
3 Aug 1832	Birth^xv	Child Event As Mother [William GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
3 Aug 1832	Son^{iv, 7}	Mother [Family]	William GILBERT b. 3 Aug 1832
5 Aug 1832	Christening^{xv, 8}	Child Event As Mother [William GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
3 May 1833	Birth^xv	Child Event As Mother [Ann GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
3 May 1833	Daughter^{iv, 9}	Mother [Family]	Ann GILBERT b. 3 May 1833 d. Before 1 Feb 1845
4 May 1833	Christening^xv	Child Event As Mother [Ann GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
7 Aug 1836	Son^{iv, 10}	Mother [Family]	George GILBERT b. 7 Aug 1836
7 Aug 1836	Birth^xvi	Child Event As Mother [George GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
25 Aug 1836	Christening^xvii	Child Event As Mother [George GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
25 Aug 1836	Christening^xvii	Child Event As Mother [George GILBERT]	Address	St Wilfrids church
Between Oct 1838 and Dec 1838	Birth^xviii	Child Event As Mother [Maria GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
Between Oct 1838 and Dec 1838	Daughter^{iv, 11}	Mother [Family]	Maria GILBERT b. Between Oct 1838 and Dec 1838
6 Jan 1839	Christening^xix	Child Event As Mother [Maria GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
Before 16 Aug 1840	Birth^xv	Child Event As Mother [John GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
Before 16 Aug 1840	Son^{iv, 12}	Mother [Family]	John GILBERT b. Before 16 Aug 1840 d. Before 5 May 1849
16 Aug 1840	Christening^xx	Child Event As Mother [John GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
16 Aug 1840	Christening^xx	Child Event As Mother [John GILBERT]	Address	St Wilfrids church
7 Jun 1841	Census^{xxi, 13}	Child Event As Mother [Maria GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
7 Jun 1841	Census^{xxi, 14}	Family Event As Spouse [Family]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
7 Jun 1841	Census^{xxi, 15}	Child Event As Mother [Ann GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
7 Jun 1841	Census^{xxi, 16}	Child Event As Mother [William GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
7 Jun 1841	Census^{xxi, 17}	Child Event As Mother [John GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
7 Jun 1841	Census^{xxi, 18}	Child Event As Mother [George GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
Before 25 Sep 1842	Son^{iv, 19}	Mother [Family]	Henry GILBERT b. Before 25 Sep 1842
Before 25 Sep 1842	Birth^xv	Child Event As Mother [Henry GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
25 Sep 1842	Christening^xxii	Child Event As Mother [Henry GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
Before 5 Jan 1845	Birth^xv	Child Event As Mother [Fanny GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
5 Jan 1845	Christening^xxiii	Child Event As Mother [Fanny GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
Before 5 Jan 1845	Daughter^{iv, 20}	Mother [Family]	Fanny GILBERT b. Before 5 Jan 1845 d. Before 1 Mar 1845
1 Feb 1845	Burial^xxiv	Child Event As Mother [Ann GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
Before 1 Feb 1845	Death^xxv	Child Event As Mother [Ann GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
Before 1 Mar 1845	Death^{xxvi, 21}	Child Event As Mother [Fanny GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
1 Mar 1845	Other Event^xxvii	Spouse Event [Spouse]	Type	Child Death
1 Mar 1845	Other Event^xxvii	Spouse Event [Spouse]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
1 Mar 1845	Burial^xxvii	Child Event As Mother [Fanny GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
1 Mar 1845	Burial^xxvii	Child Event As Mother [Fanny GILBERT]	Address	St Wilfrids church
5 May 1849	Other Event^{xxviii, 22}	Spouse Event [Spouse]	Type	Child Death
5 May 1849	Other Event^{xxviii, 22}	Spouse Event [Spouse]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
Before 5 May 1849	Death^xxix	Child Event As Mother [John GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
5 May 1849	Burial^xxviii	Child Event As Mother [John GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
30 Mar 1851	Census^{xxx, 23}	Child Event As Mother [Maria GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
30 Mar 1851	Census^{xxx, 24}	Child Event As Mother [George GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
30 Mar 1851	Census^{xxx, 25}	Child Event As Mother [Henry GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
30 Mar 1851	Census^{xxx, 26}	Family Event As Spouse [Family]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
7 Jun 1853	Other Event^{xxxi, 27}	Child Event As Mother [William GILBERT]	Type	Marriage Witness
7 Jun 1853	Other Event^{xxxi, 27}	Child Event As Mother [William GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
Between Jul 1858 and Sep 1858	Other Event^{xxxii, 28}	Child Event As Mother [Maria GILBERT]	Type	poss death
Between Jul 1858 and Sep 1858	Other Event^{xxxii, 28}	Child Event As Mother [Maria GILBERT]	Place	Basford, Nottinghamshire
7 Apr 1861	Census^{xxxiii, 29}	Family Event As Spouse [Family]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
From 7 Apr 1861	Occupation^xxxiv	Child Attribute As Mother [George GILBERT]	Agricultural Labourer
1863	Other Event^ix	Spouse Event [Spouse]	Labourer
1863	Other Event^ix	Spouse Event [Spouse]	Type	Profession
28 Dec 1863	Other Event^xxxv	Child Event As Mother [Jane GILBERT]	Servant
28 Dec 1863	Other Event^xxxv	Child Event As Mother [Jane GILBERT]	Type	Profession
31 Dec 1868	Other Event^{xxxvi, 30}	Child Event As Mother [Jane GILBERT]	Type	Address
31 Dec 1868	Other Event^{xxxvi, 30}	Child Event As Mother [Jane GILBERT]	Place	Calverton, Nottinghamshire
20 Dec 1869	Other Event^{xxxvii, 31}	Child Event As Mother [William GILBERT]	Type	Spouse Burial
20 Dec 1869	Other Event^{xxxvii, 31}	Child Event As Mother [William GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
2 Apr 1871	Other Event^x	Child Event As Mother [Jane GILBERT]	Seamstress
2 Apr 1871	Other Event^x	Child Event As Mother [Jane GILBERT]	Type	Profession
2 Apr 1871	Other Event^{x, 32}	Child Event As Mother [Jane GILBERT]	Main Street
			Type	Residence-Occupant
			Place	Calverton, Nottinghamshire
2 Apr 1871	Census^{xxxviii, 33}	Family Event As Spouse [Family]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
18 Jun 1872	Other Event^{xxxix, 34}	Child Event As Mother [George GILBERT]	Type	Child Death
18 Jun 1872	Other Event^{xxxix, 34}	Child Event As Mother [George GILBERT]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
3 Apr 1881	Other Event^{xi, 35}	Child Event As Mother [Jane GILBERT]	Potteries
			Type	Residence-Resident
			Place	Calverton, Nottinghamshire
3 Apr 1881	Census^{xl, 36}	Family Event As Spouse [Family]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
3 Apr 1881	Other Event^xi	Child Event As Mother [Jane GILBERT]	Seamstress
			Type	Profession
			Place	Calverton, Nottinghamshire
About Oct 1883	Death^xli	Spouse Event [Spouse]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
18 Oct 1883	Burial^{xli, 37}	Spouse Event [Spouse]	Place	Screveton, Nottinghamshire
18 Oct 1883	Burial^{xli, 37}	Spouse Event [Spouse]	Address	St Wilfreds Church, Calverton
5 Apr 1891	Other Event^{xii, 35}	Child Event As Mother [Jane GILBERT]	14 Enfield Street
			Type	Residence-Resident
			Place	Nottingham, Nottinghamshire
18 Oct 1898	Other Event^{xiii, 35}	Child Event As Mother [Jane GILBERT]	3 Ashwell Street
			Type	Residence-Resident
			Place	Nottingham, Nottinghamshire
18 Oct 1898	Death^xiii	Child Event As Mother [Jane GILBERT]	Place	Nottingham, Nottinghamshire
18 Oct 1898	Death^xiii	Child Event As Mother [Jane GILBERT]	Cause	Failure of the heart
	Death	Child Event As Mother [William GILBERT]	He is dead but no details are known
	Death	Child Event As Mother [George GILBERT]	He is dead but no details are known
	Death	Child Event As Mother [Henry GILBERT]	He is dead but no details are known
	Death	Child Event As Mother [Elizabeth GILBERT]	She is dead but no details are known
	Death	Child Event As Mother [Maria GILBERT]	She is dead but no details are known

Notes

1. William Illigitimate son of Ann Gilbert born 20th july 1801 baptised 22nd July 1801; [Note Record]
2. William Gilbert of the parish of Screveton and Ann Hall of this parish were married in this church by Banns with consent of parties this twenty forth day of December in the year one thousand eight hundred and twenty seven by me John Popplewell Curate Both signed their names in the presence of Thomas Hall and Tho, Hand; [Note Record]
3. 1881 Census Nottingham (Armstrong) RG11 3361/42 5 Flint Court William Head m 48 Ashphelter Collingham Notts Elizabeth Wife m 52 Screveton Notts; [Note Record]
4. Jane was a witness at the wedding of her sister Elizabeth Gilbert to William Armstrong; [Note Record]
5. (Medical):Inquest held 20 Oct 1898; [Note Record]
6. Baptism 22nd August 1830 NameParents abodeOccupationMinister JaneWilliam and Ann GilbertFlinthamLabourer; [Note Record]
7. 1841 Census Screveton (Gilbert) HO 107 854/4 William Head 35 Ag Lab Ann Wife 35 Jane daugh 10 William son 8 Ann daugh 6 George son 4 Maria daugh 2 John son 10mths @N235@ @N236@ @N237@; [Note Record]
8. baptised 5th August 1832 Born 3rd NameParents abodeOccupationMinister WilliamWilliam + Ann GilbertScrevertonLabourer; [Note Record]
9. 1841 Census Screveton (Gilbert) HO 107 854/4 William Head 35 Ag Lab Ann Wife 35 Jane daugh 10 William son 8 Ann daugh 6 George son 4 Maria daugh 2 John son 10mths BAPM: AGE 0y 0m 1d BURI: AGE 11y; [Note Record]
10. 1841 Census Screveton (Gilbert) HO 107 854/4 William Head 35 Ag Lab Ann Wife 35 Jane daugh 10 William son 8 Ann daugh 6 George son 4 Maria daugh 2 John son 10mths @N166@ @N245@ @N246@ @N247@ Got as far as his marriage [27.6.2004] dun his Son John need to find 1861 Census dun as far as 1871 census [29.6.2004] ADDR: AGE 0y 0m 17d; [Note Record]
11. 1841 Census Screveton (Gilbert) HO 107 854/4 William Head 35 Ag Lab Ann Wife 35 Jane daugh 10 William son 8 Ann daugh 6 George son 4 Maria daugh 2 John son 10mths @N166@; [Note Record]
12. 1841 Census Screveton (Gilbert) HO 107 854/4 William Head 35 Ag Lab Ann Wife 35 Jane daugh 10 William son 8 Ann daugh 6 George son 4 Maria daugh 2 John son 10mths; [Note Record]
13. Maria was 2 years old
14. William was 35 years old and an Ag Lab. Ann was 35 years old
15. Ann was 6 years old
16. Age at this event:CHILD William was 8 years old
17. John was 10 mths old
18. George was 4 years old
19. 1851 Census Screveton (Gilbert) HO 107 2139/47 William Head m 49 Ag Lab Screveton Notts Ann Wife m 49 ,, ,, George Son 14 Ag Servant ,, ,, Maria daugh 12 At Home ,, ,, Henry Son 8 Scholar ,, ,, Sophia g. daugh 1 ,, ,,; [Note Record]
20. ADDR: AGE INFANT; [Note Record]
21. Age:INFANT; [Note Record]
22. Buried Son John aged 8 years
23. Maria was 12 years old "at home" born in screveton Notts
24. George was 14 years old an Ag Servant born in Screveton Notts
25. Henry was 8 years old, at school, born in Screveton
26. Wiliam was 49 years old married to Ann. He was an Ag Lab born in Screveton. Ann was 49 years old married to William and according to this census born in Screveton Notts
27. William was a witness at the marriage of his Sister Elizabeth to William Armstrong
28. Basford september Qtr 1858 Gilbert Maria Basford 7b 61
29. William was head of household married to Ann. He was an Ag Lab born in Screveton Notts. Ann was 55 years old born in Flintham Notts
30. Pinfold Hill
31. Buried his wife Mary
32. Role: Occupant
33. William was 69 Years old an Ag Lab born in Screveton Notts. Ann was 67 years old married to William born in Flintham Notts
34. Buried son George Herbert
35. Role: Resident
36. William was 79 years old a farm labourer born in Screveton Notts and married to Ann. Ann was 78 years old the wife of William born in Flintham Notts
37. Burial 18th October 1883 NameAbodeDate AgeMinister William GilbertScreveton18th October 1883 82; [Note Record]
38. Screveton PR fiche 2 Nottingham Archives 21st November 2003
39. Flintham PR fiche 7 Nottingham Archives 21st November 2003
40. Flintham PR fiche 3 Nottingham Archives 21st November 2003
41. guessed year from her age
42. Screveton PR fiche 3 Nottingham Archives 21st November 2003
43. Screverton Parish Records fiche 3 Nottingham Archives 5th November 2003
44. 1837 on Line 97, Walk Mill Drive 4th July 2004
45. 1841 Census Screveton HO 107 854/4 Nottingham Archives 5th November 2003
46. Screverton Parish Records fiche 6 Nottm Archives 5th November 2003
47. Screverton Parish Records fiche 6 Nottingham Archives 5th November 2003
48. 1851 Census Screveton HO 107 2139/47 Nottingham Archives 5th November 2003
49. Screveton PR fiche 5 Nottingham Archives 5th November 2003
50. 1837 on line 97,Walk Mill Drive 4th July 2004
51. 1861 Census on CD Rom RG9 2483/32 At home on Comp 9th January 2004
52. 1861 Census On Line 97, Walk Mill Drive Hucknall 7th November 2003
53. 1871 Census Screveton Notts RG10 3547/82 Nottingham Archives 21st November 2003
54. Screverton Parish Records fiche 7 Nottm Archives 21st November 2003
55. 1881 Census on line Screveton RG11 3381/90 12th November 2003
56. Screverton Parish Records fiche 7 Nottm Archives 5th November 2003

Citations

i. Screveton Parish Records³⁸; Page Baptisms fiche 2; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
ii. Flintham Parish Records³⁹; Page Marriages fiche 7; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
iii. "Transcript of the Flintham marriage register 1754-1837," transcription atabase, Society of Genealogists; Page Entry for William Gilbert & Ann Hall.; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
iv. "Family history research data," supplied by Walker, 18 Feb 2005.; [Source Record]
v. Flintham Parish Records⁴⁰; Page Baptisms fiche 3; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
vi. "Transcript of the Flintham christening register 1813-1831," transciption database, Society of Genealogists; Page accessed 14 Jan 2020), Entry for Elizabeth Gilbert.; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
vii. "Transcript of the Flintham christening register 1813-1831," transciption database, Society of Genealogists; Page accessed 14 Jan 2020), Entry for Jane Gilbert.; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
viii. Public Record Office, "Census Returns of England and Wales, 1841"⁴¹; Page 1841 Census Screveton HO 107 2139/47; [Source Record]; Certainty Questionable
ix. Parish registers.; Page "marriage entry 45, 28 Dec 1863," John Blacknell and Jane Gilbert; [Source Record]; Certainty Unknown ('4')
x. "Census Returns of England and Wales, 1871." online database.; Page entry for John Blacknell household, Calverton, Nottinghamshire; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xi. "Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881." online database.; Page (accessed 9 Dec 2012), entry for John Blacknall household, Calverton, Nottinghamshire; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xii. "Census Returns of England and Wales, 1891." online database.; Page (accessed 9 Dec 2012), entry for John Blacknall household, Radford, St Paul, Nottingham; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xiii. Death Certificates.; Page death certificate for Jane Blacknell, died 18 Oct 1898; Nottingham registration district, Nottingham North West sub-district; [Source Record]; Certainty Unknown ('4')
xiv. Screveton Parish Records⁴²; Page fiche 3; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xv. Screveton Parish Records⁴³; Page Baptisms fiche 3; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xvi. Screveton Parish Records⁴³; Page Baptisms fiche 3; Text Baptism 25th August 1836 Born 7th NameParents abodeOccupationMinister GeorgeWilliam + Ann GilbertScrevetonLabourer; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xvii. Screveton Parish Records⁴³; Page baptisms; Text Baptism 25th August 1836 Born 7th NameParents abodeOccupationMinister GeorgeWilliam + Ann GilbertScrevetonLabourer; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xviii. 1837 On Line⁴⁴; Page Births; Text December Qtr 1838 Gilbert Maria Bingham 15 432 (Births); [Source Record]; Certainty Secondary Evidence
xix. Screveton Parish Records⁴³; Page Baptisms fiche 3; Text Baptism January 6th 1839 NameParentsabode OccupationMinister MariaWilliam and AnnScreveton Labourer; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xx. Screveton Parish Records⁴³; Page Baptisms fiche 3; Text Baptism 16 August 1840 NameParentsabodeOccupationMinister JohnWilliam and AnnScrevetonLabourer; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xxi. Public Record Office, "Census Returns of England and Wales, 1841"⁴⁵; Page HO 107 854/4; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xxii. Screveton Parish Records⁴³; Page Baptisms fiche 3; Text Baptism 25th September 1842 NameParentsabode OccupationMinister HenryWilliam + AnnScrevetonLabourer; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xxiii. Screveton Parish Records⁴³; Page Baptisms fiche 3; Text Baptism January 5th 1845 NameParentsabodeOccupationMinister FannyWilliam + AnnScrevetonLabourer; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xxiv. Screveton Parish Records⁴⁶; Page Burials fiche 6; Text Burial 1st February 1845 Name AbodeDateAgeMinister Ann Gilbert Screveton1st February11; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xxv. Screveton Parish Records⁴⁶; Page Burials fiche 6; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xxvi. Screveton Parish Records⁴⁷; Page Burials fiche 6; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xxvii. Screveton Parish Records⁴⁷; Page Burials fiche 6; Text Burial 1st March 1845 NameAbodeDateAgeMinister Fanny GilbertScreveton1st March 18451; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xxviii. Screveton Parish Records⁴⁶; Page Burials; Text Burial 5th May 1849 Name Abode Date AgeMinister John Gilbert Screveton 5th May 18498 years; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xxix. Screveton Parish Records⁴⁶; Page Burials; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xxx. 1851 Census⁴⁸; Page HO107 2139/47; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xxxi. Screveton Parish Records⁴⁹; Page Marriages fiche 5; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xxxii. 1837 On Line⁵⁰; Page Deaths; [Source Record]; Certainty Questionable
xxxiii. Supplement 1 Places in Derbyshire that appear in the Nottinghamshire Registration districts⁵¹; Page RG9 2483/32; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xxxiv. Supplement 1 Places in Derbyshire that appear in the Nottinghamshire Registration districts⁵²; Page RG9 2483 /32; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xxxv. England and Wales, birth/marriage/death certificate; General Register Office, Southport.; Page Marriage/Screveton/1863/45; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xxxvi. Birth Certificates.; Page birth certificate for Elizabeth Blacknell, born 20 Nov 1868; Basford registration district, Arnold sub-district; [Source Record]; Certainty Unknown ('4')
xxxvii. Screveton Parish Records⁴⁶; Page Burials; Text NameAbodeDateAgeMinister Mary GilbertScreverton20th December 1869 36; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xxxviii. 1871 Census⁵³; Page RG10 3547/82; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xxxix. Screveton Parish Records⁵⁴; Page burials; Text NameAbodeDateAgeMinister George Herbert GilbertScreveton18th June 187111 months; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xl. 1881 Census on Line⁵⁵; Page RG11 3381/90; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence
xli. Screveton Parish Records⁵⁶; Page Burials fiche 7; [Source Record]; Certainty Primary Evidence